Criminal Rehabilitation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 973 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Once a criminal, always a criminal: myth or fact? Introduction The introduction of psychotherapy programs into criminal rehabilitation settings has been vitally documented primarily within only the past few decades. This has contributed insight into a different realm of criminal rehabilitation that has yet to fully be understood by psychologists and jail managers alike. Estimates run as high as 70% that the majority of inmates released from prison in the US, are convicted of new crimes within five years (McGuire, 2008, p.29). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Criminal Rehabilitation" essay for you Create order Existential psychotherapy programs suggest an effective means for criminal rehabilitation and for reduction of jail populations. Effective criminal rehabilitation programs would contribute to notably reduce recidivism rates, consequently, decreasing jail populations. Kramer (1971) suggests that art therapy is ideal for working with aggressive children as aggression is an abundant source of energy for creative activity. The creative process both utilizes and neutralizes the clients pent-up aggression. By analysing the impact of such programs among children, psychologists are able to develop rehabilitations programs to undertake with adults. When addressing the aggressive aspect of numerous inmates, these latest programs aim high with intent to achieve desired reductions of displayed aggression and potentially the cause of recidivism. Validation of the previous statements could generate a wide variety of answers from more than one academic discipline. According to Repko (2 005), complex issues of this condition necessitate the use of the interdisciplinary approach to be thoroughly explored. Additionally, the discussion concerning the relationship between effective existential psychotherapy approaches and recidivism cannot be fully explained by scholars from one single discipline. Finally, the debate about whether effective psychotherapy programs can positively influence offender rehabilitation adequately enough to shrink recidivism rates, therefore, reducing jail populations, is cross cultural and addresses a practical societal problem. By meeting these criteria, this topic warrants investigation using the interdisciplinary approach (Repko, 2005, p.88). Given the broad nature of such a topic, ways in which an existential approach to psychotherapy can affect individuals could be discussed from the vantage point of several disciplines; in fact, most of the published research on the matter is integrative in nature. Disciplines that accurately encompass the entirety of this topic include psychology, sociology, art, economics, socioeconomics and humanities. Most pertinent to this research, however, are the disciplines of psychology, sociology and art. As a discipline which links behaviour with cognitive processes (Repko, 2005), psychology will provide a context in which to understand the emotional and cognitive nature of who psychotherapy influences. Given the continued rise in prison populations, a premium is placed on identifying efficient, yet effective prison based interventions (Morgan, 2006). Society is composed of individuals; therefore, to understand the sociological implications of psychotherapy or recidivism, it is first necessary to understand psychotherapys effect on an individual level. Prison inmates are some of the most maladjusted people in society. Most of the inmates have had too little discipline or too much, come from broken homes, and have no self-esteem (Kennedy, 1984, p.275). Art as ar t therapy provides a unique solution for children and adults with special needs or issues, as it addresses many aspects of the individual, including those of cognitive, emotional, and social nature that are hard to address initially separately within that personality (Nissimov-Nahum, 2008, p.1). Through the interdisciplinary process, the separate ideas presented by psychologists, sociologists, and art therapists will synthesize into a new whole, thus resulting in a significantly more comprehensive analysis. Despite being such a prolific form of treatment, psychotherapys ability to cognitively and behaviourally affect the mind is remarkably essential. Methods of research for this discussion will comprise of exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems, constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem, and empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence. Another method will be to study the results of e xperiments done by scientists and to perform statistical analyses. The purpose of this paper is to place a premium on identifying efficient, yet effective prison based interventions. Doing so will result in a hope of dissipating the problem until there is a more detailed understanding of an effective means for criminal rehabilitation and for reduction of jail populations. References Morgan, R. D., Kroner, D. G., Mills, J. F. (2006). Group Psychotherapy in Prison: Facilitating Change Inside the Walls [Electronic version]. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. from Springer Link (10.1007/s10879-006-9017x). Nieberding, R. J., Frackowiak, M., Bodholdt, R. H., Rubel, J.G. (2000). Beware the Razorwire: Psychology Behind Bars[Electronic version]. Journal of Police and CriminalPsychology, 15(2), 11-20. from SpringerLink(10.1007/BF02802661). Ryba, N. L. (2008). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for OffenderHopelessness: Lessons from Treatment of Forensic Inpatients[Electronic version]. Journal of ContemporaryPsychotherapy,38(2), 73-80. from SpringerLink(10.1007/s10879-007-9070-0). Gittelman, M. (1997). Psychosocial Rehabilitation for theMentally Disabled: What Have We Learned? [Electronicversion]. Psychiatric Quarterly, 68(4), 393-406. FromSpringerLink (10.1023/A:1025451215976). Kennedy, D. B. (1984). Clinical Sociology and CorrectionalCounseling [Electron ic version]. Crime Delinquency,30(2),269-292. from SageJournals(10.1177/0011128784030002006). Morgan, R. D., Winterowd, C. L., Fuqua, D. R. (1999). TheEfficacy of an Integrated Theoretical Approach to GroupPsychotherapy for Male Inmates [Electronic version].Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 29(3), 203-222. FromSpringerLink (10.1023/A:1021969118113). Nissimov-Nahum, E. (2008). A model for art therapy in educationalsettings with children who behave aggressively (Manuscript)[Electronic version]. The Arts of Psychotherapy, 1-33. FromSpringerLink (10.1016/j.aip.2008.07.003). McGuire, J., Bilby, C. A., Hatcher, R. M., Hollin, C. R.(2008). Evaluation of structured cognitive–behaviouraltreatment programmes in reducing criminal recidivism[Electronic version]. Journal of Experimental Criminology,4(1), 21-40. from SpringerLink (10.1007/s11292-007-9047-8). Overholser, J. C. (2005). Contemporary Psychotherapy: PromotingPersonal Responsibility for Therapeutic Change [Electronicversion]. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 35(4),369376. from SpringerLink (10.1007/s10879-005-6699-4). Pallone, N. J., Hennessy, J. J. (2003). Sourcebook ofRehabilitation and Mental Health Practice. Springer US.Retrieved September 1, 2008, from SpringerLink(10.1007/0-30647893-5_33). Repko, A. (2005). Interdisciplinary Practice: A Student Guide to Research and Writing (Preliminary ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing. Turner, E., Rubin, S. (2002). Once a Sex Offender Always aSex Offender: Myth or Fact? [Electronic version] Journal ofPolice and Criminal Psychology, 17(2), 32-44. fromSpringerLink (10.1007/BF02807113).

Marriages in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay

Marriage in the 19th century was a woman’s priority. Many times women married for social status or attraction but hardly ever for true love. In many cases the happiness of a marriage was based on whether the girl was beautiful and lively and the boy handsome and competent, and whether they were attracted to each other. Jane Austen would not believe that the happiness of marriage was based upon attraction, she believed it should be based upon love. In her novel Pride and Prejudice, she illustrates three main reasons for marriage, true love, attraction, and economics. The two main characters, Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy are an example of marriage for true love. They are two of the few characters in the book that have a†¦show more content†¦Later on in the novel, Darcy says to Miss Bingley, Your conjecture is totally wrong, I assure you. My mind was more agreeably engaged. I have been meditating on the very great pleasure which a pair of fine eyes in the fac e of a pretty woman can bestow (25). Here he is talking about Elizabeth, and for the first time we see that he is starting to like her. He tells Miss Bingley that he had the pleasure of staring at Elizabeth, including her eyes and face. This is the first time in the book where we see that Darcy is starting to fall in love with Elizabeth. Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage is based on respect, understanding and love, which took a long time to build and which is why they will be happy together. Austen demonstrates a marriage for attraction in Lydia and Wickham’s marriage. Lydia and Wickham’s marriage occurred as a result of Mr. Darcy’s assistance. When Lydia and Wickham run away together Wickham has no intention of marrying Lydia. It was only after Darcy paid Wickham off that Wickham consented to marry Lydia. If Darcy hadn’t paid Wickham off then the entire Bennet family would be ruined. Lydia wrote in her letter to Mrs. Forester how much she thought sh e cared about Wickham, â€Å"I am going to Gretna Green, and if you cannot guess with who ... there is but one man in the world I love, and he is an angel. I should never be happy without him, so think it no harm to be off† (242). Lydia isShow MoreRelatedMarriage in Jane Austen ´s Pride and Prejudice1399 Words   |  6 Pagestheir literary works. Jane Austen is only one example of this type of author who exemplifies a style of repetition by using repetitious themes. Theme is a very important literary element in any piece of literature. Themes teach the reader a life lesson, often times lending advice or a point of view. In Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, she uses themes which can also be found in other pieces of literature written by Austen. These themes deal with the subjects of; marriage, good breeding andRead MoreMarriage in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesMarriage In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen introduces the major thematic concept of marriage and financial wealth. Throughout the novel, Austen depicts various relationships that exhibit the two recurring themes. Set during the regency period, the perception of marriage revolves around a universal truth. Austen claims that a single man â€Å"must be in want of a wife.† Hence, the social stature and wealth of men were of principal importance for women. Austen, however, hints that the opposite may proveRead MoreMarriage By Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice 1674 Words   |  7 PagesHailey Shipp Mrs. Wilson Hon 11 24 March 2017 Marriages in the 19th Century For women in the 1800s, marriage was used to escape the uncertainty of the future, and was portrayed as an obligatory duty because women were entirely reliant on men. However, Jane Austen argued that people would marry strictly for money and stability, rather than true love. In Pride and Prejudice, she used Mrs. Bennet, Darcy, Mr. Bingley, and Jane as a way to introduce the topic of how society was during this era and theRead MorePortrayal of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay2073 Words   |  9 Pagesof Marriage in Pride and Prejudice   Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice portrays varying attitudes to marriage. The intricate social network that pervades the novel is one that revolves around the business of marriage. Through her female characters the reader sees the different attitudes to marriage and the reasons that these women have for marrying. These depend on their social status and their personal values. The reader is shown the most prevalent and common view of marriage heldRead MoreLove and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay2052 Words   |  9 Pagesis your response to the way love and marriages are presented in Pride and Prejudice by JaneAusten? Pride and Prejudice was written in 1796-7 during the romantic period and was published in 1813, it is set between 1797 and 1815, in rural England when the agriculture society was changing into a modern industrial nation. Pride and Prejudice is about love and marriage, personal happiness, andamongst other things, status and reputation. Pride and Prejudice is a popular romantic novel, which Austenherself Read MoreMarriage Vs. Love Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice 1461 Words   |  6 PagesRomance 17 November 2015 Marriage vs. Love Jane Austen, author of Pride and Prejudice, wrote in an era where considerations of social class and economic status were central to the institution of marriage. This notion is demonstrated throughout the novel by exploring character’s ideas and definitions regarding love and marriage. The main character, Elizabeth, defies almost all stereotypes of early 19th century women in England. She, unlike Charlotte and Jane, believes that marriage is based around trueRead MoreEssay on Marriage Without Love in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen1640 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst sentence of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen satirizes womens’ inability to be self sufficient and respected in society without a husband. Elizabeth Bennet resembles Austen as young women, as she chose to be old maid rather than be married inappropriately. Elizabeth cannot stand the frenzies her mother and sisters get in over superficial marriages. Unlike her sisters, Elizabeth is set on finding love, and will not sacrifice love for any absurd amount of money or status. Austen wrote during theRead More How Society Viewed Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen1898 Words   |  8 PagesHow Society Viewed Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Jane Austen was born in 1775 and spent most of her life in the countryside in a village called Steventon, Hampshire. She was the daughter of a clergyman, Reverend George Austen and her mother was called Cassandra Austen. She had a brief education starting at the age of seven and ending at eleven, when she settled at home. Like women in Austen’s society, she had little education due to the beliefs at the time; theRead More With particular reference to the novel opening, how does Jane Austen1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthe novel opening, how does Jane Austen present the role of women in pride and prejudice? Pride and Predujice With particular reference to the novel opening, how does Jane Austen present the role of women in pride and prejudice? Pride and prejudice was first published in 1893, this was a time when it just became acceptable for women to write and publish books. Pride and prejudice was set in the early 19th century in rural England. Pride and Prejudice is the story of Mr and Mrs BennetRead MoreComparative Study: Letters to Alice and Pride and Prejudice1502 Words   |  7 Pagesportrayed in Pride and Prejudice are creatively reshaped in Letters to Alice. The two texts, Letters to Alice and Pride and Prejudice, mirror and contrast the central values shared and explored by evaluating them; presenting them against Jane Austens context and that of Fay Weldon. Mirroring Austens novel, Weldon presents the central values for women such as the social values of moral behaviour, independence, and, literary values of reading and writing, from Pride and Prejudice and adapts them

Mental Retardation and Child Abuse Free Essays

Sling Blade is a film about a mentally retarded individual by the name of Karl, who murders his mother and her lover – Karl’s classmate – at the age of twelve.   Subsequently, Karl is institutionalized.   Upon release, Karl returns to his hometown where he befriends a young boy, Frank. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Retardation and Child Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The boy’s father had committed suicide, and his mother is dating Doyle, who abuses both Frank and his mother.   Eventually, Karl is responsible for the murder of Doyle as well, as he must put an end to the abuse that he is witnessing in the lives of Frank and his mother. The story of the film is atypical seeing that Karl is a mentally retarded individual who takes action against child abuse.   Scientific research, on the other hand, has revealed that it is usually the mentally retarded individual who must suffer abuse simply because he cannot take care of himself. As an example, Morse, Sahler, and Friedman studied twenty five children who had been abused, out of which forty two percent were mentally retarded.   All except one of the mentally retarded children in the study had already been diagnosed as mentally retarded before they were abused.   Hence, it is obvious that the abusers knew that the mentally retarded children are vulnerable to abuse. According to Morse, Sahler, and Friedman, people who spend time with mentally retarded children are usually aware that these children are not always able to physically or verbally defend themselves.   Moreover, these children are not always able to describe their abuse to others.   Typically, they are also unable to differentiate between proper and improper verbal communication and/or physical contact, regardless of whether the physical contact is sexual or violent in nature. Lastly, mentally retarded children are truly dependent on other people for all manners of assistance.   This makes them more trusting toward their caretakers as well as others.   Also according to the authors, passivity as well as compliance stem from the trust and dependency of the mentally retarded child.   Those who abuse mentally retarded children are, therefore, taking undue advantage of the trust shown by these children. Sandgrund, Gaines, and Green have also conducted a study on children.   Out of one hundred and twenty children studied by the authors, sixty had been abused, thirty had been neglected, and another thirty had not been abused at all.   The authors reported that twenty five percent of the abused children in their study had been diagnosed as mentally retarded. Twenty percent of the neglected children had similarly been recognized as mentally retarded, while only three percent of the children who had never been abused were mentally retarded.   The findings of this study reveal that mentally retarded children are quite likely to be abused.   The fact that Karl of Sling Blade was never abused – rather, he had the intelligence to differentiate between proper and improper verbal communication and/or physical contact – shows that the film is about an unusual mentally retarded individual.   Sandgrund, Gaines, and Green write that mentally retarded children are normally hesitant to report instances of abuse because they fear losing the essential relationships with their caretakers. Furthermore, these children are not always believed if they manage to report abuse.   Seeing that Karl was not afraid to lose his caretaker at the time he killed his mother reveals that this mentally retarded child was definitely not a typical one. McFadden has also written about the abuse of mentally ill children, including those who are mentally retarded.   Reporting a study conducted by the New York State Commission on Quality of Care for the Mentally Disabled, McFadden writes that abuse in institutions for mentally retarded children is higher than abuse in institutions for children who are mentally fit.   Also according to the author: In analyzing those cases, the commission found that abuse most often occurred in leisure-  time areas, such as recreation rooms and sleeping quarters, where children congregate without  structured activities.   It also found that boys over 12 years of age and children who exhibited  disturbing conduct were at the highest risk of abuse. In 16 percent of the cases, the study said, a finding of abuse or neglect was made by the  reporting facility.   In another 18 percent, the facility found misconduct by an employee but no  evidence of abuse.   In 66 percent, some corrective action was taken and in nearly 20 percent  disciplinary action was taken against at least one employee. Most of those responsible for the abuse or neglect were not new employees.   The study said  80 percent of them had worked at the facility at least one year and 50 percent had been  employed more than three years (McFadden). Karl was fortunate because his mother did not abuse him.   He was not abused in an institution either.   All the same, research evidence suggests that mentally retarded children are highly vulnerable to abuse.   In unusual cases, perhaps mentally retarded individuals like Karl may be able to struggle against child abuse.   Then again, they might have to take drastic actions such as those of Karl in order to end child abuse.   After all, mentally retarded individuals are not considered credible if they simply manage to report abuse. Works Cited McFadden, Robert D. â€Å"Child Abuse High in New York Mental Centers.† New York Times. 1 Dec 1987. 17 Nov 2007. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DA1039F932A35751C1A96194826. Morse, C.W., O.Z. Sahler, and S.B. Friedman. â€Å"A Three-Year Follow-Up Study of Abused and Neglected Children.† American Journal of Diseases of Children. Vol. 120 (1970): pp. 439-446. Sandgrund, H., R. Gaines, and A. Green. â€Å"Child Abuse and Mental Retardation: A Problem of Cause and Effect.† American Journal of Mental Deficiency. Vol. 79 (1974): pp. 327-330. Sling Blade. Dir. Billy Bob Thorton. 1996.             How to cite Mental Retardation and Child Abuse, Essay examples